Will the European Union Survive? Essay -- European Union Essays

"Europe must prevent Greece from becoming an out-and-out catastrophe and make sure that the same fiscal 'remedy' is not applied to other weak economies" -- Franziska Brantner Europe is a powerhouse of Western culture and science. It possesses an economy with an annual Gross Domestic Product of over sixteen trillion dollars.1 Europe’s global economic connections are worth billions to developing countries and even the United States of America.2 Regrettably for the global economy, the European Union may collapse very soon, the cost of allowing incompetent politicians to run an economy on bad policy.3 A fiscal union is necessary to prevent the destruction of the Eurozone. The whole objective of the initiation of the European Union was to create a European economy, a greater European stability and society, all with a greater altruistic attitude.4 This may all have been for naught if the Europeans cannot adopt a preservative tendency. All sides of the table agree that a solution must be met. After all, to do nothing could risk the contagion of the primarily Greek, Portuguese, Spanish, and Italian crises to more internationally relevant economies, like France and Germany.5 However, the four most affected countries, Greece, Portugal, Italy, and Spain; known collectively under an umbrella pejorative â€Å"the PIGS†, already combine for 24.5% of the entire European economy.6 This means a loss of these states from the economy could already amount to sizeable damages. In spite of the potential for such a negative outcome, the sovereigns simply cannot agree to what this solution might look like, and all the solutions thus proposed have appeared to be unsatisfactory.7 Debt is a long term problem and accordingly, it makes sense to employ... ...Dec. 2011. . 14. "Why E.U. collapse is more likely than the fall of the euro - The Washington Post." Washington Post: Breaking News, World, US, DC News & Analysis. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Dec. 2011. . 15. "ECB: ECB decides on measures to address severe tensions in financial markets." ECB: European Central Bank home page. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Dec. 2011. . 16. "European fiscal union: what the experts say | Business | guardian.co.uk ." Latest US and world news, sport and comment from the Guardian | guardiannews.com | The Guardian . N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Dec. 2011. .

8051 Microcontroller Based

RF BASED REMOTE CONTROL INTODUCTION-: The Project Long Range Remote Control can be used to remotely control a number of Electrical or Electronic Gadgets connected to it. Unlike Infra Red remote control, this Project employs FM transmission and Reception, and hence it can be used for comparatively longer range. Any gadget can be switched on/off by keying the number allocated to it. The Receiver is made up of the famous 8 bit Microcontroller from Atmel. The Microcontroller is used as the Master in the receiver end which is used to control all the devices.It decodes the Signal from the transmitter and control the relays according to the signal. For transmission we are using frequency modulation at the frequency of 433. 92Mhz. A BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO 8051 MICROCONTROLLER-: When we have to learn about a new computer we have to familiarize about the machine capability we are using, and we can do it by studying the internal hardware design (devices architecture), and also to know about the size, number and the size of the registers.A microcontroller is a single chip that contains the processor (the CPU), non-volatile memory for the program (ROM or flash), volatile memory for input and output (RAM), a clock and an I/O control unit. Also called a â€Å"computer on a chip,† billions of microcontroller units (MCUs) are embedded each year in a myriad of products from toys to appliances to automobiles. For example, a single vehicle can use 70 or more microcontrollers. The following picture describes a general block diagram of microcontroller.AT89S52: The AT89S52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with 8K bytes of in-system programmable Flash memory. The device is manufactured using Atmel’s high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry-standard 80C51 instruction set and pinout. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with in-system programmable Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89S52 is a powerful microcontroller, which provides a highly flexible and ost-effective solution to many, embedded control applications. The AT89S52 provides the following standard features: 8K bytes of Flash, 256 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, Watchdog timer, two data pointers, three 16-bit timer/counters, a six-vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator, and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89S52 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port, and interrupt system to continue functioning.The Power-down mode saves the RAM con-tents but freezes the oscillator, disabling all other chip functions until the next interrupt The hardware is driven by a set of program instructions, or software. Once familiar with hardware and software, the user can then apply the microcontroller to the problems easily. The pin diagram of the 8051 shows all of the input/output pins unique to microcontrollers: The following are some of the capabilities of 8051 microcontroller. ? Internal ROM and RAM ? I/O ports with programmable pins ? Timers and counters ? Serial data communicationThe 8051 architecture consists of these specific features: ?16 bit PC &data pointer (DPTR) ?8 bit program status word (PSW) ?8 bit stack pointer (SP) ?Internal ROM 4k ?Internal RAM of 128 bytes. ?4 register banks, each containing 8 registers ?80 bits of general purpose data memory ?32 input/output pins arranged as four 8 bit ports: P0-P3 ? Two 16 bit timer/counters: T0-T1Two external and three internal interrupt sources Oscillator and clock circuits THEORY-: Radio Frequency remote control) A handheld, wireless device used to operate audio, video and other electronic equipment using radio frequency (RF) transmissi on.Unlike the more common infrared (IR) remotes, RF remotes do not require line of sight and do not have to be aimed at the equipment. In fact, RF remotes can be operated. RF Receivers (Base Stations) Are Required Since most equipment is IR based and comes with an IR sensor located on the front panel, the RF must wind up as IR. This is accomplished with an RF receiver, which is a base station and antenna, that accepts RF signals and converts them to IR. For use inside equipment cabinets, the receiver typically has an â€Å"IR blaster† that showers IR signals to all components by reflecting off the closed cabinet door.The RF receiver also has sockets for several IR emitters (IR flashers) that are wired to, and pasted directly over, the IR sensors in the equipment for precise aiming. See IR remote control and RF. References-: The 8051 microcontroller and Embedded systems using assembly and C Muhammad Ali Mazidi, Janice Gillespie Mazidi 1. Keil Software, dScope Debugger, http:// www. keil. com/ 2. National Instruments Multisim 10. 0 www. ni. com/multisim 3. www. 8051projects. info 4. www. 8051projects. net 5. www. dnatechindia. com 6. AT89c51 datasheet available at www. alldatasheets. com

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